A long time because you have to specialize in a subject, in my opinion, you start to be a scientist when you start a degree in university as you choose a specialty. When you start to have your own project later, in master maybe, then you have more experience, and you start to be considered as a scientist by other people that are already scientist.
The direct academic path by qualifications is a Bachelors, Masters and then a PhD degree in STEM. At this point, you will be called a scientist. This is a lump sum 3-4 years + 1-2 years + 3-10 years per degree/diploma.
However, the quality of a scientist shoots up with the experience he gains through the numerous projects he works toward or collaborations he builds, as an example. It may/ may not take a few years more as one cannot put a number on it when each person’s aptitude is different. A lot of these can be achieved in parallel.
It does take a long time, and you need to acquire a basic theoretical foundation in junior high and high school, and start to be exposed to experimental operations at university. It is only when you have completed a lot of training and understand how a particular area of science is developing that you slowly become a scientist
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