That’s a great question actually. There are definitely alternatives, they probably involve a longer and more expensive lab-testing phase, possibly using newer technologies like growing human or mammalian cells in the lab and testing the products on those, or using informatic tools to model and predict the interactions of the product with the human body using computers and software. Ultimately they would still need to be tested on human volunteers before being put on the market, so I guess it depends on the type of product and whether or not it is ethical to test it directly on humans considering that the preliminary in vitro testing may not be detailed enough to detect reactions/side effects.
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