A mentioned by Uday and Irene, there 13 vitamins… (is it a superstition number so? 🙂 ).
Letters A, B, C and K are used to described them for the general public. They do also have chemicals names, but it would not be easy to explain public what they are good for from their chemical names.
I’d just add several vitamins were discovered through diseases. When you don’t get enough of a vitamin you are said to have a “deficiency”, and missing each vitamin in your diet can lead to a different deficiency disease.
Not getting enough vitamin C gives you Scurvy, vitamin A deficiency gives you types of blindness, etc.
So even before they knew what sort of chemical vitamins are, they knew there was “something” that was missing from the diet.
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