The three types of asteroids I can think of are metal, rock, or carboniferous. So, the metal ones are often Iron, the rock ones are a mix of lighter elements, like carbon, sulfur, oxygen etc., and the carboniferous ones are carbon (like it says on the tin), but also water (hydrogen and 2 oxygens) in the form of ice. These ones are rare, and when they land on earth, scientists have to be quick to recover them because they melt.
Silicon, oxygen, iron, nickel, carbon, hydrogen would be among the most common. Magnesium, aluminium, calcium, potassium, fluorine, zinc, gallium, tin, antimony, germanium, arsenic, rubidium, strontium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum are other elements found in meteorites.
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